Anatolia - modern day region also known as Asia Minor, known today as most of Turkey 

Berbers - indigenous or native people in North Africa, who live west of the Nile valley

Caliphate - title of ruler/leader in Islam, created after the death of the prophet Muhammad in 632; the caliph should be chosen by the Muslim community

Hadith - speaking of a religious topic ascribed to the prophet Muhammad

Imam - the leader of prayer for Muslims