The authors identify the harms of slave trade and colonialism.  It expresses how slavery has affected Africa economically, culturally, and physiologically agonized African people.  It continues to explain the urgent call for colonial power and reparations.  They propose to call for development of the economy through global systems, structures, and the return of stolen artifacts in order to repair. They key actors are the victims, African themselves who have endured this suffrage for so long. Advocates for justice also play key roles because they are fighting for the justice and equality of Africans. They hope to achieve positive growth and new learning. 

Demands coming from Africa for justice for historical crimes and the demands coming from Afro- descendants in the US have a strong connection. African Americans suffered greatly in both areas during this period in time in history.