• Identify: What harms do the authors identify? What forms of repair do they propose? Who are the key actors (perpetrators, victims, advocates for justice)? What results do they hope to achieve?

The authors identify "nations, institutions, governments and families" as well as Western religious institutions as perpetrators of crimes such as enslavement, colonialism, exploitation, genocide, terrorism, and abuse against the "bodies, minds, and spirits of Black people."  They call on heads of African states, civil society, and the institutions who benefited from the mistreatment of Africans to join together in creating reparative policies that promote justice and healing.

• Discuss: What connections emerge between demands coming from Africa for justice for historical crimes and the demands coming from Afro-descendants in the US and beyond? How do the demands seem to converge? Do they diverge? If so, how?  

Reparation movements seek the acknowledgement of historic crimes, exploitation, and present disparities resulting from the crimes committed against groups of people.  For example, in British courts, the Mau Mau and descendants successfully proved that the British government systematically violated basic human rights and received monetary compensation.  At the United Nations, indigenous peoples from around the world have joined together to seek reparations and promote justice.  In all of these cases, groups are seeking a voice and power that has long been denied.  However, there is great disparity on the proper ways in which historically exploitative institutions should be punished.